Calculate linear momentum (p = mv) and simulate 1D elastic vs inelastic collisions with energy loss.

Calculate rotational inertia across 8 solid geometries and apply the Parallel Axis Theorem.

Calculate Mach number, speed of sound, isentropic stagnation temperature/pressure ratios (T0/T, P0/P), normal shock waves, and Mach cone angles across gases and flight regimes.

Calculate kinetic energy (KE = 1/2 mv²), velocity, and mass online. Free physics calculator with Joule, calorie, ft-lb unit conversions and worked examples.

Convert classical Keplerian orbital elements (a, e, i, RAAN, omega, true anomaly) into 3D Cartesian position and velocity state vectors (X, Y, Z, Vx, Vy, Vz).

Calculate Joule-Thomson coefficient (mu_JT), maximum inversion temperature, isenthalpic expansion cooling/heating, and gas liquefaction for cryogenics.

Calculate high strain rate flow stress, strain hardening, thermal softening, and adiabatic temperature rise using the Johnson-Cook material model.

Calculate standard atmospheric temperature, pressure, density, speed of sound, and viscosity across flight altitudes from sea level to 32 km using the ICAO / ISO 2533 ISA model.

Calculate impulse (J = F·Δt = Δp), average impact force, and collision cushioning safety effects.

Solve PV = nRT for pressure, volume, moles, mass, and temperature with universal gas constants.